PubMedGoogle Scholar. . Even in Biratnagar, ground fissured out with springs of water for few minuites. The maximum Mercalli Intensity was estimated about XI, on a scale of I to XII. Peculiarly enough in 1833 there was another big Earthquake causing havoc in North Bihar. Most of the destruction was caused in Kathmandu Valley and along the eastern plains bordering northern India. Rana, B. S. (1935). He specializes in the quantification and simulation of Fig-2 (Map of Kathmandu Valley showing intensity of damage occured in 1934 Earthquake. Sukhija, B. S., Rao, M. N., Reddy, D. V., Nagabhushanam, P., Kumar, D., Lakshmi, B. V., & Sharma, P. (2002). Shortly after the Bihar Earthquake of 1934, the social workers under a mistaken idea started constructing a bandh across an innumerable waterways blocking the roads and railways, culverts and drainage channels. It caused the widespread damage in Central and Eastern part of Nepal & in Northern India. The flood may result due to damage caused to the dams. [1] Wikipedia entry on the Bihar Earthquake: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_Bihar_earthquake. THE DISTRIBUTION OF INTENSITY OF THE BIHAR-NEPAL EARTHQUAKE OF 15 JANUARY 1934 AND BOUNDS ON THE EXTENT OF THE RUPTURE ZONE M. R. Pandey* and Peter Molnar ** ABSTRACT We have recompiled the descriptions of damage and destruction caused by the 15 January 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake, given by both Dunn et al. The influence of regional earthquakes on the time series can be seen, producing the sharp drops in probability. IS 1893 Part 1 [1]) and only about 3 % of . document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); At this moment, there are still a few COVID-19 variants, Have you ever considered that there were even more dangerous, Are Covid Vaccinations really THAT Safe? It is considerably more challenging to put out the fire because of the destruction caused by the earthquake. The post earthquake reconstruction of roads, buildings, bridges, etc. These hilly regions suffered from massive lanslides, ground fissures and formation of springs. 2015 Nepal Earthquake Ahsan Jadoon Department of E&ES Bahria University 2. Bettinelli P, Avouac J-P, Flouzat M, Jouanne F, Bollinger L, Willis P and Chitrakar G R 2006 Plate motion of India and interseismic strain in the Nepal Himalaya from GPS and DORIS measurements; J. Geod. The reaction of the earthquake on rivers was remarkable. [11] Rabindranath Tagore took offence to the irrationality in his statement and accused Gandhi of superstition, even though he was totally in agreement with Gandhi on the issue of untouchability. The Postal Savings Bank showed an appreciable increase in the deposits. J. Int. Site response of the Ganges basin inferred from re-evaluated macroseismic observations from theM8.1 Shillong 1897, M7.8 Kangra 1905 and 1934Nepal M 8.1 earthquakes. The areas of greatest damage stretched from Kathmandu to Munger in the North-South direction, and from Purnea to Champaran in the East-West direction. When constructed c.200 BC, the Kesariya Stupa, at a probable height of 50 m, may have been the highest stupa in the world. You can also search for this author in Bihar earthquake: The state has yet again been hit by a quake on Saturday with the intensity measured at 5.7 magnitude on the Richter scale today - similar reports also came from West Bengal, Sikkim. Figure 1 shows the location of the epicenter and the affected areas in India and Nepal. Yeats, R. S., & Thakur, V. C. (2008). Overall, lesser casualties were there due to majority of temporary type construction of bamboos in Terai Belt. In India, the earthquake caused some serious damage to towns and destroyed a small number of buildings. Disasters Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, 115. This last event occurred within the circular region itself, as indicated by the small yellow marker. Location and magnitude of the 1833 Nepal earthquake and its relation to the rupture zones of contiguous great Himalayan earthquakes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 494, 216225. Darbhanga and Laheriasarai had similar damages and the buildings belonging to the Darbhanga Raj were very badly affected. Nasu, N. (1935). Pandey, M. R., & Molnar, P. (1988). Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Most of the roads were fissured with fissured depth even upto 13-15 feet and for considerable length. Shortly after the earthquake, Mahama Gandhi was said to have visited the area to observe the destruction and to bring comfort to the injured. Bilham R and Wallace K 2005 Future Mw > 8 earthquakes in the Himalaya: implications from the 26 Dec 2004 Mw = 9.0 earthquake on Indias eastern plate margin; Geol. Kathmandu Valley that includes Kathmandu, Lalitpur, & Bhaktapur (Bhadgaon then) districts was severely damaged. Lave, J., Yule, D., Sapkota, S. N., Basant, K., Madden, C., Attal, M., & Pandey, R. (2005). Nepal Earth Planetary Sciences Letters, 457, 366375. The agricultural field was covered in knee-deep mud following the 1934 Bihar earthquake. Nature Geoscience, 6, 7176. This 8.0 magnitude earthquake occurred on 15 January at 228PM NST (0843 UTC) and caused widespread damage in northern Bihar and in Nepal. Will The Chinese Spy Balloon Start a War With China? Seismic moments of major earthquakes and the average rate of slip in central Asia. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 70, 757773. As the official Chronicles mentioned the year closed with a feeling of quiet optimism and the knowledge that better times were in store. It shook an area half a million square miles in extent in Nepal and Tibet. Five villages of Lalitpur viz; Lubhu, Harisiddhi, Bungamati, Khokana, Sanogaun suffered almost 99% of building collapse. Bilham, R. (2019). Recovered bench-marks measured along the 550-km-long leveling line between 84 deg E and 88 deg E subside by as much as 1.1m near points that have subsided by less than 0.2m, and hence the data are considered more a measure of sediment slumping and liquefaction than a measure of earthquake-related footwall subsidence (Bilham et al 1998). ", "Source dynamics of two great earthquakes of the Indian subcontinent: The Bihar-Nepal earthquake of January 15, 1934, and the Quetta earthquake of May 30, 1935", 1934 Mw 8.1 Bihar/Nepal earthquake 15 January 1934, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1934_NepalIndia_earthquake&oldid=1133023739, All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 11 January 2023, at 22:58. Following the major quake, twenty-eight numbers of after-shocks were recorded; where few of them were greater shocks too. generally referred to as the Chamoli earthquake. Chen W-P and Molnar P 1977 Seismic moments of major earthquakes and the average rate of slip in Central Asia; Geophys. Evidence for a great medieval earthquake (~1100 A.D.) in the central himalayas. Bijih logam ditem terlebih dahulu dilakukan http://goo.gl/f0vB7K Nepal-Bihar 1934. Chen W-P and Kao H 1996 Seismotectonics of Asia: Some recent progress; In: The Tectonic Evolution of Asia (eds) Yin A and Harrison T M, Cambridge University Press, 37-54. 1a, b) and PGA-European Macroseismic Scale (EMS, Grnthal 1998) relation. Molnar, P., & Deng, Q. The earthquake damage observations indicate that the majority of the damaged buildings were stone/brick masonry structures with no seismic detailing, whereas the most of RC buildings were undamaged. The Historic Nepal - Bihar earthquake measuring M 8.4 in Richter scale struck on 15 Jan-1934, Monday at 2:24 PM (NST) is the greatest recorded ever earthquake in Nepals History. Am. Kirtipur city supposedly situated over the rock was the safest one with merely 5% of building collapse! Geological society (Vol. R, Brahmaamera Jagabahdra, and Kesar Lall. The human casualty in Monghyr was very severe. The towns to the south of the river Ganges like Patna, Bhagalpur, and Gaya escaped with lighter damages. Seismicity of earth and associated phenomenon (2nd ed.). [5] Extensive liquefaction of the ground took place over a length of 300km (called the slump belt) during the earthquake, in which many structures went afloat. It was accompanied by spectacular effects of slumping, subsidence of ground, fissures in alluvium and sand, and water fountains. To the effects of shaking were added those of flood; the rivers rose high after the earthquake, bringing down sand, mud, trees, and all kinds of debris. Singh D D and Gupta H K 1980 Source dynamics of two great earthquakes of the Indian subcontinent; the Bihar- Nepal earthquake of January 15, 1934 and the Quetta earthquake of May 30, 1935; Bull. The loss to human lives was considered to be fortunately less as the epicentral tract was away from, the larger towns. The epicenter of the earthquake was in Nepal six miles south of Mt. 74(3) 213-229. To obtain For More Information. Tilting and slumping of the houses were entirely absent. The Historic Nepal - Bihar earthquake measuring M 8.4 in Richter scale struck on 15 Jan-1934, Monday at 2:24 PM (NST) is the greatest recorded ever earthquake in Nepal's History. (2020). Sir E. Pascoe's lecture on Indian earthquakes and their causes is published by the Royal Society of Arts (Journal, 82, 577-594; 1934), and papers on the North Bihar earthquake by Dr. M. S . Baffin Bay Earthquake Canada November 20, 1933, The COVID Variant You Might STILL Get in Some States, 4 Viral Threats Worse Than the New Coronavirus, COVID Aftermath: 2 DEVASTATING Side Effects of the Vaccine, 10 Foods That Can Have a Devastating Effect on You, 10 Contagious Diseases Worse Than COVID-19, 6 Deadly Bioweapons the US Has Faced in the Past, 11 Devastatingly Easy Ways To Lose Weight, 8 Common Things Devastated By Coronavirus. Seismological Research Letters, XX, 19. A low-magnitude earthquake hit parts of Bihar on Monday night, though no damage was reported. An appraisal of damage by Pandey and Molnar (1988) based on a translation of a contemporary damage published in Nepali by Major Brahma Sumsher J. The shock in a less intense form was felt in Bengal, Assam, United Provinces (Uttar Pradesh) and on the Peninsula as far as Bombay. Geodetic Branch Survey of India (p. 97). (1939) and by Major General Brahma Image Courtesy : Nepal Ko Mahabhukampa by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher. Devastatingdisasters.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. The wells were choked with sand, while water levels in tanks became shallower due to sand deposited in the tank beds. The Kesariya Stupa in the town of Bihar was reduced 6 m in height to 35 m by the 1934 earthquake. The 7.9-magnitude earthquake that struck Nepal and neighbouring Indian states on Saturday, leaving a massive trail of death and devastation, jolted memories of the catastrophic 1934 tragedy, which had claimed several thousands of human lives on both sides of the Himalayas. Almost half of the bridges in the valley would be impassible, and 10 percent of all paved roads would have moderate damage, such as deep cracks or subsidence. Lack of a central zone in which the shaking was demonstrably stronger than elsewhere suggests that the waves did not originate within the plains of India. Large himalayan frontal thrust paleoearthquake at Khayarmara in Eastern Nepal. Ambraseys N 2000 Reappraisal of north-Indian earthquakes at the turn of the 20th Century; Curr. the Kinnaur earthquake (1975), Dharam . The study reported that the recovery was faster . Current Science, 69, 101127. The great Earthquake in Nepal (First Published as Nepal Ko Maha Bhukampa in Nepali in 1934; Translated to English from the 2nd Nepali Edition (1935) by Kesar Lall). A correlation between shaking intensity and the degree of subsidence may exist, probably influenced by sediment thickness. Several factors combined to make Saturday's earthquake in Nepal such a devastating event. Everest. At Lakhisarai the water was observed to recede from mid-stream and sand gushed up the exposed bed of the river. The great Indian Earthquake of January 15, 1934. Feldl N and Bilham R 2006 Great Himalayan Earthquakes and the Tibetan Plateau; Nature 444 165-170, doi:10.1038/nature05199. CrossRef ISSN 1476-4687 (online) Geol. Journal of Earth System Science. Reinforced concrete and reinforced brick work replaced the use of mud, mortar and lime. But the study of distribution and the various causes of damage showed that if faults ruptured in northern India, then the locations of such faults are not verified by the distribution of intensity observed. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0). Thus the inferred rupture geometry given the above numerous qualifications of uncertainty, are approximately as follows. India Memoir. 70(3) 757-773. The great 1934 Himalayan earthquake of moment magnitude (Mw) 8.1 generated a large zone of ground failure and liquefaction in north Bihar, India, in addition to the earthquakes of 1833 (Mw. Such earthquake related casualties are due to the cumulative effect of the intensity of ground movement, the vulnerability of slopes . Science, 294, 23282331. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, B03304. Nature 136, 485486 (1935). Officers of the Geological Survey of India officers compiled a memoir on the earthquake (Dunn et al. (2013). Motihari suffered severely and most of the Government buildings, school and hospital were damaged. The 1934 NepalBihar earthquake or 1934 BiharNepal earthquake was one of the worst earthquakes in the history of Nepal and Bihar, India. Following are the effects of the earthquake: Ground shaking: Surface waves that are near the epicenter are responsible for the earthquake. News from the country was available only next morning, showing that Patna, Monghyr and Jamalpur had suffered severely. Primary surface ruptures of the great himalayan earthquakes in 1934 and 1255. In a speech in Bihar Gandhi attributed the suffering, damage and the loss of life incurred in the earthquake to divine chastisement for India's failure to eradicate the concept of the caste of untouchables. listrik dan panas, serta mempunyai titik cair tinggi. Princeton University Press. gave employment to the labouring classes while the excellence of the Rabi crops in the flooded areas compensated the common cultivator for the loss of his badhai harvest. Gutenberg, B., & Richter, C. F. (1954). 5 US States Most Likely to Get Hit by Natural Disasters, 4 US Airports With The Worst Passenger Experience, 12 Insane Weapons You Can Legally Own in Most States. Chen, W. P., & Molnar, P. (1977). the worst was the 1934 earthquake in which more than 10,000 people lost their lives, followed . Active faulting south of the himalayan front: Establishing a new plate boundary. In Kathmandu around 25% of all houses were destroyed just like several temples in the old town of Bhaktapur Mitigation Measures for Earthquakes in India Earthq. [5] Ground effects [ edit] A particular phenomenon of the earthquake was that sand and water vents appeared throughout the central vents of the earthquake area. It resulted in a huge death toll and caused extensive destruction to buildings and infrastructure both in the central-eastern Nepal and the adjacent parts of India. The variation of damage in and near the Kathmandu valley and the lack of severe damage to structures built on bedrock suggest that Kathmandu might not have been the epicentral area of the earthquake. A catalog of felt intensity data for 589 earthquakes in India, 16362008. Kumar, S., Wesnousky, S. G., Jayangondaperumal, R., Nakata, T., Kumahara, Y., & Singh, V. (2010). Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Chamlagain, D., Pierce, I. K., Karki, A., & Gautam, D. (2017a). Brett,W.B. Gutenberg B and Richter C F 1954 Seismicity of the Earth and Associated Phenomena; Princeton University Press, Princeton, 310pp. Bhaktapur also saw massive destruction but less than these five villages. However buildings built on Bedrock survived well than those built on unconsolidated sedimentary deposit available at most part of the valley. Northern part of Kathmandu including Budhanilkantha, Sundarijal, Gaucharan was found relatively safe and suffered only minimum damage. These authors report that liquefaction occurred both in 1833 and 1934, between 1700 and 5300 years BP and also 25 kaBP. efficacy test has been carried out by considering macroseismic intensity map of 1833 and 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake (shown in Fig. Peculiarly enough in 1833 there was another big Earthquake causing havoc in North Bihar. Copyright 2023 Devastating Disasters.com | Powered by, Bihar Earthquake India January 15, 1934. Bashyal, R. P. (1998). The earthquake was so severe that in Kolkata, around 650 km (404 mi) from epicenter, many buildings were damaged and the tower of St. Paul's Cathedral collapsed. In: Survey of India Geodetic Report 1936, (eds). A glaring example of distortion was seen in the screw pile bridge at Champanagar where the central piles moved south, downstream, as much as 7 feet 8 inches but remained more or less vertical. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, 5, 2244. Wesnousky, S. G. (2020). On January, 15th, 1934, at about 2.13 p.m the Great Earthquake of Bihar took place involving severe disaster throughout North Bihar and affecting parts of South Bihar. The 1833 earthquake that arrived on August 26, 1833, was felt over a large part of northern India. The earthquake caused a massive avalanche on the slope of Mount Everest which took the life of 18 people and injured at least 30 climbers. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003309. , - . [7] In Jharia the earthquake led to further spread of underground fire. Peculiarly enough the damages were more in the part of the town to the north of the Railway station. the locking line of Feldl and Bilham (2006). M8.7 Assam earthquake, 1905 M8.6 Kangra earthquake, 1934 M8.4 Bihar-Nepal earthquake and the 1950 M8.6 Assam-Tibet earthquake. [5] In Rajnagar, near Madhubani, all the Kutcha buildings collapsed. doi:10.1007/s00190- 006-0030-3. The earthquake that occurred in the afternoon (2:13pm, IST) of January 15, 1934 (Mw 8.2), is one of the strongest among the twentieth century Himalayan events. Large paleoearthquake timing and displacement near Damak in eastern Nepal on the Himalayan frontal thrust. The earthquake had removed many antiquated buildings and was directly responsible for the construction of numerous modern buildings, roads and bridges in which cement, steel and reinforced concrete played an important role. Earthquakes of the Indian Subcontinent pp 159171Cite as, Part of the GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences book series (GEPS). SOON after the occurrence of this great earthquake on January 15, Dr. J. The three major towns of the Kathmandu Valley in NepalKathmandu, Bhaktapur and Patanwere severely affected and almost all the buildings collapsed. In this year 1934-35 the local Government had instituted an enquiry into the indebtedness of the cultivators to ascertain if the situation had worsened. Geological observations on large earthquakes along the himalayan frontal fault near Kathmandu. Surv. Along the Terai belt, destruction was observed from the eastern border of Nepal (Before Earthquake) &&&&&&&& &&& &&(During Earthquake), Fig-1 (Images of the then Dharahara, a nine-storeyed tower at Sundhara, Kathmandu; Before, During and After 1934 Earthquake. A glaring example of distortion was seen in the screw pile bridge at Champanagar where the central piles moved south, downstream, as much as 7 feet 8 inches but remained more or less vertical. Though many of their lower marks have survived, no systematic remeasurement was possible after the earthquake, and none has been attempted subsequently. On January 15, 1934, a great earthquake struck Bihar, India causing between 10,000 to 30,000 deaths [1]. The epicenter was in the vicinity of the large Bihar-Nepal earthquakes of 1833 (magnitude 7.0-7.5) and 1934 (magnitude 8.4). Depending on the locality, the earthquake was said to last for 2-5 minutes with peak shaking around 2.5 mins after the initiation of earthquake. Singh, D. D., & Gupta, H. K. (1980). Martin, S., & Szeliga, W. (2010). In 2016, floods affected over 2.2 million people along the Ganga, including in Bihar's capital Patna, despite 14% less than average rainfall in the state. Sundarijal, Gaucharan was found relatively safe and suffered only minimum damage brick work replaced the of. Kathmandu, Lalitpur, & Molnar, P. ( 1988 ) inferred rupture geometry given the numerous. & # x27 ; s earthquake in Nepal and Tibet Lakhisarai the was... Large Bihar-Nepal earthquakes of 1833 and 1934, a great earthquake on January 15, 1934 Bihar-Nepal... Of damage occured in 1934 and 1255 of America, 70, 757773 locking of! Qualifications of uncertainty, are approximately as follows available only next morning showing. 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