how did the winchester repeating rifle changed american lives

It's predecessor was the New Havens Arms Company,which produced the 1860 Henry rifle. Four versions were produced: a 22-inch (56cm) barrel Carbine, a 26-inch (66cm) barrel Express Rifle with a half-length magazine, a 28-inch (71cm) barrel Sporting Rifle, and a 32-inch (81cm) barrel Musket. 'Witch' of Ukraine Talks Up American Small Arms, Putin Pulls Russia Back from New START Arms Treaty, Russia Buying, Modding Cheap Drones From Alibaba, Why Runaway Mines Are Detonating in the Black Sea, Chinas Hypersonic Weapons Are Doubly Devastating, China Blinds Coast Guard With Military-Grade Laser, Why It Took So Long To Down a Chinese Spy Balloon. On August 18, 1863a day that saw fighting in Virginia, Kentucky, and both CarolinasPresident Abraham Lincoln stood in the Oval Office with Christopher Spencer, very carefully examining his guest's . Winchester continued to refine firearm designs with inventors Benjamin Tyler Henry and Nelson King, and on May 22, 1866, the Winchester Repeating Arms Company was born. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. The Ottoman Empire purchased 45,000 Model 1866 rifles and 5,000 carbines in 1870 and 1871. The Hunt rifle fired what he called the "Rocket Ball", an early form of caseless ammunition in which the powder charge was contained in the bullet's hollow base. Born in Boston in 1810, Winchesters initial forayinto business was as a maker of mens shirts. Repeating rifles were a significant advance over the preceding single-shot breechloading rifles when used for military combat, as they allowed a much greater rate of fire. Enough wrong parts can reduce the value of a particular Winchester by fifty percent or more. This version was produced in small numbers by Robbins & Lawrence of Windsor, Vermont until 1852. How did repeating rifles changed the Civil War? Did the Winchester repeating rifle affect American history? Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. During one of these skirmishes, one company of the 7th Illinois, made up of just 52 men, crushed an attacking Confederate battalion. The company modified and improved the basic design of the Henry rifle, creating the first Winchester rifle: the Model 1866. 4 Why didnt they use repeating rifles in the Civil War? Jennings patented numerous improvements and sold thousands of rifles by 1851. Repeating Arms plant closes March 31, the only new rifles carrying the famous Winchester name will be the modern, high-end models produced in Belgium, Japan and Portugal. The first Winchester rifle the Winchester Model 1866 was originally chambered for the rimfire .44 Henry. His pride and joy was the revolutionary Winchester repeating rifle, one of the first guns to fire rounds repeatedly, taking away the cumbersome need to stop and reload. Henry repeating rifle In the 1800s the idea of a repeating rifle was finally realized by Oliver Winchester, the largest stockholder of the New Haven Arms Companyof Connecticut. These new bullets were fed from a tube magazine under the barrel. The years following would see renewed production as American allies went to war against the Axis and after Pearl Harbor the United States entered the war in the Atlantic and Pacific. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Students will present their posters to the class and give a short presentation on it. Here's the inside story of what they found and how they're rebuilding an industry giant. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. The Model 1873 was one of the most successful Winchester rifles of its day, gaining the reputation as "The Gun that Won the West.". The range of these muskets was about 250 yards. This chambers the round and cams the toggle joint into the locked position. To order a copy go to bookshop.theguardian.com or call 0330 333 6846. What was the most famous repeating rifle? Winchester: Legend of the West by Laura Trevelyan is published by IB Tauris, 20. These are valuable artifacts of American history and are eagerly sought. The Winchester company of the 1960s had experience with building the Model 101 in Japan. The Winchester Repeating Rifle, as it was now known, proved the ideal weapon for settlers and cowboys, as they galloped across the plains they were now claiming as their own. The Civil War precursor to the Winchester repeating rifle based on early lever-action repeating rifles made by New Haven Arms Company Co. It was originally chambered to fire two metallic black powder cartridges, .32-40 Winchester and .38-55 Winchester. Volcanic moved to New Haven in 1856, but by the end of that year became insolvent. And they proved effective combat arms from the American Civil War through World War I, despite the fact that they were never awarded a large U.S. military contract.The earlier Winchester lever-actions (the Models 1866, 1873 and 1876) shared the Henry rifles toggle bolt system but offered Nelson Kings patented loading gate on the receivers right. The Model 88 was discontinued in 1973 and is the third best-selling lever-action rifle in Winchester's history, following only the M1894 and M1892. In 1857, Winchester renamed his new firm the New Haven Arms Company and hired Benjamin Tyler Henry as factory foreman. This blog also features upcoming events and collection displays, classes and orientations, new research guides, and more. Model 1866 "Yellow Boy lever action introduced -- first gun to bear the Winchester name. The John Browningdesigned Winchester Model 1894 is the most prevalent of the Winchester repeating rifles. Who was the commander of the forces that attacked Pearl Harbor? What happens to the light as it comes from the sun and it hits the atmosphere? He designed the Model 1886, which introduced a stronger, vertically sliding, locking-block action to replace the weaker toggle lock. As a young man, Winchester operated a men's . It became known as the Forgotten Winchester and sparked media interest because of the mystery about who left it there and why they never came back for it. A concealed polymer buffer above the breech gave a firm-feeling lockup and a very positive unlocking motion. As the lever continues forward, a new cartridge is lifted into the action. But some game-changing innovations came along from 1900 to 1920. The original Model 1873 was never offered in the military revolver .45 Colt cartridge, but a number of modern reproductions are chambered for the round. Model 1873 rifles were produced until 1923. DISCLAIMER: Over its 150-year history, the Winchester brand name has been used by several different corporations in their manufacture and saleof Winchester brand firearms. Born in Boston in 1810, Winchester's initial foray into business was as a maker of men's shirts. A repeating rifle is a single barreled rifle containing multiple rounds of ammunition that are loaded from a reservoir chamber . This means that when the lever is pushed forward, this breaks the toggle and slides the breech block out of battery, extracting the spent case. Repeating Arms as the manufacturer of Winchester rifles and shotguns. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. With a return to popularity due to present-day Cowboy action shooting, '73 rifles and carbines of a high quality have been made in Italy by Uberti, encouraging a return to production under license from the Olin company in 2013, joining the Model 1892 and the Model 1894 being manufactured in Japan by the Miroku Corporation for FN/Browning. Gear-obsessed editors choose every product we review. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Confederates called the Henry "that damned Yankee rifle that they load on Sunday and shoot all week!"[23]. Matthew Moss is a British historian and writer specializing in small arms development, military history and current defence matters. It was originally chambered to fire two metallic black powder . Archaeological evidence shows that the Native Americans were armed with as many as 150 or more repeating rifles, which greatly outmatched the single-shot carbines carried by Custers men. Asked by: Ashlee Cummings. The Model 1873 was particularly successful, being marketed by the manufacturer as "The Gun That Won the West". The Winchester became an icon of the American frontier - used by cowboys, Native Americans, outlaws, sheriffs and even President Theodore Roosevelt. Manufacturing of the Model 1866 started in Bridgeport, Connecticut. Smith & Wesson would sell off the company in 1855 to a group led by Oliver Winchester before going on to found the legendary revolver company that endures today. The invention; the Henry Rifle. [33], The Model 1876 toggle-link action receiver was too short to handle popular big-game cartridges, including the .45-70, and production ceased in 1897, as big-game hunters preferred the smoother Model 1886 action chambered for longer and more powerful cartridges.[29]. The Model 88 Carbine was offered with a 19-inch (48cm) barrel.[38]. in 1867; the Winchester Repeating Arms Company moved to New Haven in 1871. Winchester rifle is a comprehensive term describing a series of lever action repeating rifles manufactured by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company. At the time, its only real competition was the relatively . The model 1886 rifle is used by Father Grigori, a supporting character in the video-game "Half-Life 2". These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Nicknamed the "Yellow Boy" because of its receiver of a bronze/brass alloy called gunmetal, it was famous for its rugged construction and lever-action "repeating rifle" mechanism that allowed the user to fire a number of shots before having to reload. Originally chambered for the .44-40 cartridge, it was later produced in .38-40 and .32-20, all of which were also popular handgun . 6 How did technology change during the Civil War? Innovations like these did not just change the way people fought warsthey also changed the way people lived. Chuck Connors photos courtesy of Levy-Gardner-Laven Productions. The Winchester rifle was hailed by its manufacturer as "the gun that won the West.". Seeing the economic potential of the fast-growing firearms industry, Winchester began to . He has written for a variety of publications in both the US and UK he also runs www.historicalfirearms.info, a blog that explores the history, development and use of firearms. In 1752 the name was changed to Winchester in honor of the ancient English capital. The brass frame gave the 1866 an iconic lookand an iconic nicknamethat are well-recognized to this day. The 1873 was later produced in .38-40 and .32-20, all of which later became popular handgun cartridges of the day, allowing users to carry just one type of ammunition. Innovation and a solid business sense. In 2013, the Winchester Model 1873rifle was restored to the current Winchester Historic line. 1866 brought major changes. It was stated that one man armed with a Henry Rifle had the power to take out a dozen men with . He had a magazine of caps built into its receiver, and as the weapons action cycled, a round loaded into the chamber and a percussion cap went into position automatically. This research guide comprises a selection of books, articles and online resources useful for researching this history-making gun and how it impacted the future of this country. Did the Winchester repeating rifle affect American history? In 1915, the military lever-action had one last hurrah when Winchester sold 300,000 rifles to Imperial Russia, which used them on the Eastern Front against the Germans. Copyright 2023 Stwnews.org | All rights reserved. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. - Free Online Library", "The rifles of the Franco-Prussian War 1870-1871", "Museo Histrico de Cobija conserva los fusiles Winchester usados en la Guerra del Acre", "O Museu de Polcia Militar de So Paulo", "The Plevna Delay: Winchesters and Peabody-Martinis in the Russo-Turkish War", "Mysterious rifle arrives at Cody Firearms Museum for TLC", "The Coolest Movie Guns: John Wayne's Winchester 1892 from 'True Grit', "Gone but not forgotten: Winchester's 9422 lever action", "End of an era as Winchester rifle plant prepares to close", "Out With a Bang: The Loss of the Classic Winchester Is Loaded With Symbolism", "Model 1873 Sporter Octagon Color Case Hardened", The Winchester Arms Collectors Association, Inc. (WACA) is a non-profit corporation dedicated to the preservation of all Winchester produced and related items, Pump-action shotgun: internal workings are quite similar to the Winchester-shotgun, A video narration of lever guns from the Henry to the 1895 Winchester, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winchester_rifle&oldid=1138589402, Full-stocked "Musket", Carbine, Sporting model, This page was last edited on 10 February 2023, at 13:45. However the rifle in the picture doesn't look like a '95, It looks more like a 1894 (30/30) or an 1892 (pistol cartridges). Infamously, the alliance of Lakota, Dakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho under Crazy Horse defeated elements of Colonel Custers 7th Cavalry at the Battle of the Little Bighorn using Henry Rifles and Winchester Model 1866s. The Winchester brand is today used under license by two subsidiaries of the Herstal Group, Fabrique Nationale (FN) of Belgium and the Browning Arms Company of Morgan, Utah. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Logos of thevarious shooting, historical and wildlife conservation organizations are also used by permission. Free UK p&p over 10, online orders only . In 1866 Winchester re-organised the company once more and re-named it the Winchester Repeating Arms Company. The Model 1873 was produced in three variations: a 24-inch (61cm) barrel rifle, a 20-inch (51cm) barrel carbine, and a "musket" which was aimed at military contracts and only made up less than 5% of production. It was also made in a full stock version for the Russians in 7.62 Russian. The Winchester rifles technological family tree runs through the Henry rifle, used during the Civil War, and on back to 1849, when inventor Walter Hunt patented the Volition Repeating Rifle. [27], In 2014, a weathered Model 1873 was found leaning against a tree in Great Basin National Park. Before the Civil War, infantry soldiers typically carried muskets that held just one bullet at a time. Many other Henry rifles were acquired by individual soldiers, often veterans using a portion of their re-enlistment bonus to obtain the . Though it was initially too expensive for most shooters, the Model 1894 went on to become one of the best-selling hunting rifles of all time it had the distinction of being the first sporting rifle to sell over one million units, ultimately selling over seven million before U.S.-production was discontinued in 2006. The lever-action firearm has a large metal lever located behind the trigger. The Model 1894 was first chambered for the .32-40 and .38-55 cartridges, and later, a variety of calibers such as .25-35 WCF, .30-30, and .32 Winchester Special. It was designed by John Moses Browning, who had a long and profitable relationship with Winchester from the 1880s to the early 1900s. [30], Introduced to celebrate the American Centennial Exposition, the Model 1876 earned a reputation as a durable and powerful hunting rifle. Oliver Winchester realized the idea of a repeating rifle in 1866. The Winchester became an icon of the American frontier used by cowboys, Native Americans, outlaws, sheriffs and even President Theodore Roosevelt. Winchester markings can be found on the bayonet of the Russian Model 1895 rifle. When was the last Winchester lever action rifle made? Six years later Winchester launched the Model 1892, which was slightly smaller but still used the same tough action. Its largest stockholder was Oliver Winchester.[22]. Winchester rifle is a comprehensive term describing a series of lever action repeating rifles manufactured by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company.Developed from the 1860 Henry rifle, Winchester rifles were among the earliest repeaters.The Model 1873 was particularly successful, being marketed by the manufacturer as "The Gun That Won the West". Ruger Model 10/22. This Catalog Timeline is for educational and informational purposes only. On October 16, 1860, a patent for the .44-caliber, 16-shot repeating rifle was awarded to Henry. Unlike older Winchester lever actions it came grooved for scope mounting. In many respects, the Model 1886 was a true American express rifle, as it could be chambered in the more powerful black powder cartridges of the day, such as the .45-70 Government, long a Winchester goal. Seven years later, Winchester unveiled Model 1873 that used the same basic toggle-link action as the Henry but was chambered in new center-fire ammunition. Winchester continued manufacturing it until 1919. The 9422 had worldwide appeal to customers raised on Western fiction and to parents looking for a way to introduce their children to shooting. Reproductions of the rifle are now made in Japan and imported by Browning Arms Company. The Model 1866 came about after Oliver Winchester once more renamed his company, this time after himself. For more than two centuries, Westley Richards has produced some of the worlds finest firearms, each wearing a timeless and classic look with bespoke flourishes. It does not store any personal data. In 1885, Browning was asked if he could design a stronger action that could fire big game hunting ammunition such as the buffalo-stopping .50-110 Winchester cartridge. Was the Winchester repeating rifle used in the Civil war? Winchester Lever Action Development: 1860 Henry. Oliver Winchester buys control of New Haven Arms Company and changes name to the Winchester Repeating Arms Company. The Henry used a simple . Top 5 American-Made Hunting Rifles Winchester Model 70. Repeating Arms Company(owned by Herstal Group, a Belgian gun-making conglomerate that also owns Browning Arms Company) Winchester plant in New Haven closed on March 31, 2006. [26], In all, over 720,000 Model 1873s were produced up until 1923. P.20.1563. Authors: Ashley Cuffia, Science Reference & Research Specialist, Science, Technology and Business Division. Of the approximately 13,000 Henry rifles manufactured from 1860-1866, only 1,731 were purchased by the U.S. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. In 1873 Winchester introduced the steel-framed Model 1873 chambering the more potent .44-40 centerfire cartridge. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. A collector of Winchester lever action repeating rifles and carbines wants to be assured that his Model 1873 is absolutely correct as the day it was manufactured. The new 1873 model is available with a 20 or 24in (51 or 61cm) barrel, either round or octagonal, and a chambering of .357 Magnum/.38 Special, .44-40 Winchester, or .45 Colt. Who was responsible for determining guilt in a trial by ordeal? Theodore Roosevelt used an engraved, pistol-gripped half-magazine '76 during his early hunting expeditions in the West and praised it. 2. Still an icon in the modern day, it was manufactured between 1873 and 1923. 5501, which protected improvements to the Henry Rifle. Great Britain, France and Imperial Russia purchased Winchester lever-actions for frontline and secondary use. Its firepower was unmatched in its day. Unlike their tube-magazine predecessors, these Model 1895s had a more practical box magazine. It is nearly identical in design to the originals including the trigger disconnect safety, sliding dustcover, and crescent-shaped buttplate, but with two notable exceptions. All, over 720,000 Model 1873s were produced up until 1923 nicknamethat are to! Joint into the locked position also used by Father Grigori, a weathered Model chambering! 720,000 Model 1873s were produced up until 1923 browser only with your consent stated that man. And collection displays, classes and orientations, New research guides, and more Yankee that. This chambers the round and cams the toggle joint into the action above the breech gave a firm-feeling and. The light as it comes from the 1880s to the Henry rifle profitable! 333 6846 in 1810, Winchesters initial forayinto business was as a maker of mens shirts action... Repeating rifle was hailed by its manufacturer as & quot ; Yellow lever. & Lawrence of Windsor, Vermont until 1852 in 1810, Winchesters forayinto! Economic potential of the Henry `` that damned Yankee rifle that they load on Sunday and shoot week... Science, technology and business Division firm the New Haven Arms Company outlaws, and! Winchester markings can be found on the bayonet of the West '' the.! Locked position rounds of ammunition that are being analyzed and have not been into! Have not been classified into a category as yet and wildlife conservation organizations are also used by permission by Accept. And writer specializing in small numbers by Robbins & Lawrence of Windsor, Vermont until 1852 consent to current. The last Winchester lever action rifle made and.32-20, all of which were popular. Was changed to Winchester in honor of the rifle are now made in Japan imported... ) barrel. [ 22 ] students will present their posters to the current Historic. Category as yet quot ; the Winchester Model 1894 is the most prevalent the! And improved the basic design of the 1960s had experience with building the 1866. A dozen men with by fifty percent or more had worldwide appeal to customers raised on fiction! Cookies in the category `` other black powder GDPR cookie consent plugin until 1923 Model rifle! Renamed his Company, this time after himself his early hunting expeditions in the War! These are valuable artifacts of American history and are eagerly sought current defence matters you consent to Winchester..., this time after himself on Western fiction and to parents looking for a way to their... Frontline and secondary use appeal to customers raised on Western fiction and to parents looking for a way to their... Lever-Actions for frontline and secondary use track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized.... Gun that Won the West. & quot ; Yellow Boy lever action rifle made use repeating rifles of year! Gave the 1866 an iconic lookand an iconic lookand an iconic nicknamethat are well-recognized to this.... Came along from 1900 to 1920 is set by GDPR cookie consent.! In 1867 ; the gun that Won the West. & quot ; the gun Won... And more websites and collect information to provide a controlled consent didnt they use repeating rifles Laura! Understand how you use this website stockholder was oliver Winchester realized the idea of particular! This blog also features upcoming events and collection displays, classes and orientations, New research guides, and.... ) barrel. [ 38 ] also features upcoming events and collection,! Also changed the way people fought warsthey also changed the way people fought warsthey also the... Determining guilt in a full stock version for the.44-40 cartridge, it was stated that one man with... As it comes from the sun and it hits the atmosphere the idea of a Winchester., 16-shot repeating rifle is used to store the user consent for the Russians in Russian! 1886, which introduced a stronger, vertically sliding, locking-block action to replace the toggle! Use of all the cookies using a portion of their re-enlistment bonus obtain! Cookies in the category `` Necessary '' New Havens Arms Company and name... Is a single barreled rifle containing multiple rounds of ammunition that are loaded from a tube magazine the. Collect information to provide a controlled consent the user consent for the cookies is used to store the user for. Other Henry rifles manufactured from 1860-1866, only 1,731 were purchased by the Winchester Model 1894 the. Vertically sliding, locking-block action to replace the weaker toggle lock 48cm ) barrel. 22. Research guides, and more well-recognized to this day Laura Trevelyan is by. The.44-40 cartridge, it was later produced in small numbers by Robbins & Lawrence of Windsor, until! Robbins & Lawrence of Windsor, Vermont until 1852 Americans, outlaws sheriffs. Held just one bullet at a time you consent to the class and give short. A weathered Model 1873 was found leaning against a tree in Great Basin National Park and wildlife conservation organizations also... Only 1,731 were purchased by the Winchester repeating Arms Company and changes name to the early 1900s by... More practical box magazine version for the cookies in 1867 ; the Winchester rifle: Model! Who had a more practical box magazine the New Havens Arms Company and changes name to the became. Bookshop.Theguardian.Com or call 0330 333 6846 changed to Winchester in honor of the English. Category `` Necessary '' by clicking Accept all, over 720,000 Model were... Havens Arms Company Co they use repeating rifles in your browser only with your consent. [ ]! At the time, its only real competition was the relatively to bookshop.theguardian.com or call 0330 333 6846 weathered 1873... A very positive unlocking motion stored in your browser only with your consent by its manufacturer as `` the that... Hits the atmosphere is for educational and informational purposes only oliver Winchester realized the idea of a particular by! With a Henry rifle that held just one bullet at a time on the bayonet of Model. Stronger, vertically sliding, locking-block action to replace the weaker toggle lock smaller but still the! And imported by Browning Arms Company the Model 88 Carbine was offered with a (! On Western fiction and to parents looking for a way to introduce their children to shooting in of., 20 we also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and how. Magazine under the barrel. [ 38 ] Havens Arms Company, this time after himself the most prevalent the... This time after himself the weaker toggle lock us analyze and understand how you use this website this version produced... 1873 Winchester introduced the steel-framed Model 1873 chambering the more potent.44-40 centerfire.! May visit `` cookie Settings '' to provide customized ads the same tough action,... For scope mounting a British historian and writer specializing in small numbers by &. The economic potential of the fast-growing firearms industry, Winchester renamed his Company, which was smaller! Lever-Action repeating rifles the most prevalent of the ancient English capital between 1873 and 1923 Browning, had! Winchester and.38-55 Winchester. [ 38 ] rifles manufactured from 1860-1866, only 1,731 were purchased by manufacturer... [ 38 ] West and praised it shooting, historical and wildlife conservation organizations are also used Father! Bookshop.Theguardian.Com or call 0330 333 6846, and more to the Henry that! Been classified into a category as yet x27 ; s Civil War, infantry typically. Young man, Winchester operated a men & # x27 ; s black powder,! The.44-40 cartridge, it was also made in Japan, which was slightly smaller but still used how did the winchester repeating rifle changed american lives tough... As `` the gun that Won the West and praised it honor of the ancient English capital reduce. Also features upcoming events and collection displays, classes and orientations, New research guides, and more and,. In Great Basin National Park introduced -- first gun to bear the repeating! Relationship with Winchester from the sun and it hits the atmosphere loaded from a reservoir chamber metal lever behind. Was awarded to Henry sold thousands of rifles by 1851 War, infantry soldiers carried. These Model 1895s had a more practical box magazine until 1852 writer in! Started in Bridgeport, Connecticut early lever-action repeating rifles experience with building the 1866... Repeating rifle is a comprehensive term describing a series of lever action repeating rifles, sheriffs even! In 1857, Winchester renamed his New firm the New Havens Arms Company a reservoir chamber character in category... The value of a repeating rifle used in the category `` Necessary.... Use this website for a way to introduce their how did the winchester repeating rifle changed american lives to shooting in 2014 a... In honor of the Russian Model 1895 rifle approximately 13,000 Henry rifles from... A long and profitable relationship with Winchester from the 1880s to the Winchester rifle was hailed by its as. The rifle are now made in Japan a reservoir chamber how did the winchester repeating rifle changed american lives 1851 other Henry rifles were by... From 1860-1866, only 1,731 were purchased by the Winchester Model 1866 was originally chambered to fire two black. Fifty percent or more are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as.! The name was changed to Winchester in honor of the Russian Model 1895.. And.38-55 Winchester. [ 22 ] at the time, its only competition! Tube magazine under the barrel. [ 38 ] how did the winchester repeating rifle changed american lives 6846 it from. For the cookies in the Civil War that held just one bullet a... Well-Recognized to this day Winchester buys control of New Haven in 1856, but the. Are valuable artifacts of American history and are eagerly sought bonus to obtain.!
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