Which elements have come up in performance reviews as things you excel at? For example, a manager may perceive staying under budget as the top factor when ordering safety gear but miss or ignore the need for high quality. The 2010 Census shows that the Hispanic and Latino/a populations in the United States are now the second largest group in the country, having grown 43 percent since the last census in 2000 (Saenz, 2011). She wondered, still, why there were two lines. As a sign of integration, some may join an organization like PFLAG (Parents, Families, and Friends of Lesbians and Gays), where they can be around others who share their dominant identity as heterosexuals but also empathize with their loved ones. Martin, J. N., & Nakayama, T. K. (2010). The flip side of emphasizing difference is to claim that no differences exist and that you see everyone as a human being. Reflect on the following questions and add to Padlet as appropriate: Which top three roles do you think you align most with? Safety: These needs are required for humans to feel secure, and include physical safety, health, and financial security. Once we modify those, we can open ourselves to new patterns (experiences) and ways of understanding. Legal. Motion: A moving perception is more likely to be selected. Shipman, T. (2007, July 22). While this is not a separatist movement, a person who is hearing impaired may find refuge in such a group after experiencing discrimination from hearing people. Were there any stereotypes involved? Recently, many identity theorists have moved toward a Communication theory of Identity (CtI)7 or related ideas. Further, they may find it difficult to acknowledge that not being aware of this oppression is due to privilege associated with their dominant identities. Your understanding of the normal behaviour for each of these cultures is shaped by your family and upbringing, your social environment, and the media. Which communication channels do you use, most commonly? Your social identity can also be connected to your cultural identity and ethnicity. If so, what did you learn or take away from the training? Many hearing-impaired people in the United States use American Sign Language (ASL), which is recognized as an official language. When a persons lack of interest in their own identity is replaced by an investment in a dominant groups identity, they may move to the next stage, which is conformity. Management Teams. Perception can influence how a person views any given situation or occurrence, so by taking other peoples perceptions into account, we can develop insight into how to communicate more effectively with them. . Discuss the ways in which difference may influence how you communicate in each of the following contexts: academic, professional, and personal. Her co-ed upbringing had completely blinded her to this reality in this context. Knowing more about various types of identities and some common experiences of how dominant and nondominant identities are formed prepares us to delve into more specifics about why difference matters. Summarize nondominant and dominant identity development. Five-Factor Personality Model by L. UnderwoodAdapted from OpenStax CNX. If you score low on these two traits but high on openness and conscientiousness, you might instead be an excellent entrepreneur or skilled in creative pursuits such as design or storytelling. Tatum, B. D. (2000). To extend the previous example, there has been a movement in recent years to reclaim the label nerd and turn it into something positive, and hence, a nerd subculture has been growing in popularity. Love and belonging: These are our social needs and include family, friendship, love, and intimacy. Ascribed Identities from governments and peers, correct or not, are enacted for the purpose of categorization and generalization. Saenz, A., Census Data Shows a Changed American Landscape, ABC News, March 21, 2011, accessed October 9, 2011, http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/census-data-reveals-changed-american-landscape/story?id=13206427. By 2030, racial and ethnic minorities will account for one-third of the population (Allen, 2011). We may also unconsciously consume messages from popular culture that offer representations of gender. Yep, G. (2002). Why? Yep, G. A., My Three Cultures: Navigating the Multicultural Identity Landscape, in Intercultural Communication: Experiences and Contexts, eds. These traits have a high degree of influence over your working life. (Long Grove, IL: Waveland, 2011), 4. Define ascribed identity and avowed identity. Choose either race, gender, sexual orientation or ability 1. I dont want to contribute to sexism. As our identities are being shaped by the perspectives of others and the culture/community we share, our identities are multidimensional and changing. So, as you read, think about how circumstances may be different for an individual with multiple nondominant and/or dominant identities. But some organizations extend their reach to further meet employee needs, for example, by providing food, social gatherings, professional development opportunities, career progression, and so on. While both are important, it is often the differences that are highlighted and that contribute to communication troubles. We also examine the identity labels that DACA recipients adopt for themselves (i.e., avowed). Psychologist World provides quizzes to discover where you sit on each factors continuum. It is the responsibility of each user to comply with 3rd party copyright laws. the arousal of any of your senses. Do you think diversity training should be mandatory or voluntary? Communication in the Real World by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. He notes repressing his Chinese identity as an adolescent living in Peru and then later embracing his Chinese identity and learning about his family history while in college in the United States. Esteem: These are our needs to feel respected by others and to have self-respect. Your communication preferences are part of your interpersonal style, but when deciding which channel to use to communicate information to others, you will need to consider which channel is best for the situation. While this happens from birth, most people in Western societies reach a stage in adolescence where maturing cognitive abilities and increased social awareness lead them to begin to reflect on who they are. Depending on your environment, you may feel societal pressure to conform to certain cultural norms. IDENTITY was Dictionary.coms word of the year for 2015! Lets say you have a long cylinder of ice water in a beautiful glass container next to a short bowl of water in a plain, white ceramic container. If it were a queue for a washroom, she would have noticed right away, but as a queue for a travel visa, it had genuinely not occurred to hereven after looking at these lines pretty intensely for several minutesthat the reason behind having two lines was that one was for men and the other for women and children. This begins a lifelong process of thinking about who we are now, who we were before, and who we will become (Tatum, 2009). For example, MC Frontalot, a leader in the nerdcore hip-hop movement, says that being branded a nerd in school was terrible, but now he raps about nerdy things like blogs to sold-out crowds (Shipman, 2007). A male participant in a research project on identity said the following about redefining his male identity: I dont want to assert my maleness the same way that maleness is asserted all around us all the time. For example, I may consider myself a puzzle lover, and you may identify as a fan of hip-hop music. Why do you think the person ascribed the identity to you? You may be wondering how some groups came to be dominant and others nondominant. Dominant identity formation may include a person moving from unawareness of their identities, to accepting the identity hierarchy, to separation from and guilt regarding the dominant group, to redefining and integrating components of identities. She looked at the other line. Is your decision-making process based more on logic or on feelings? Nondominant identity formation may include a person moving from unawareness of the importance of their identities, to adopting the values of dominant society, to separating from dominant society, to integrating components of identities. You may recall the term communication richness, first discussed in the Foundations module. Personal identities include the components of self that are primarily intrapersonal and connected to our life experiences. Belbins (1981) team inventory is a model that helps people to identify what strengths and weaknesses they can bring to a group or team. 1. Having a better knowledge of your own interpersonal communication preferences will allow you to better understand yourself, your identity, and motivations. Learning about perception and selective perception helped you to understand that there is more than one way to see something and that we sometimes choose to see only what we want to see. (Eds. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Marketers, advertisers, and politicians are extremely well-versed in using external factors to influence perceptual selection. an identity you assign to yourself and portray. Not to mention the implications on how a female leader might communicate effectively interpersonally. Rather than trying to ignore difference and see each person as a unique individual, we should know the history of how differences came to be so socially and culturally significant and how they continue to affect us today. There may be conflict between the two kinds of identity. identities, culturally, fragmented. These changes directly affect our interpersonal relationships. There are four stages of nondominant identity development (Martin & Nakayama, 2010). For example, if you previously learned to associate men in business suits with clean-shaven faces or no discernable facial hair as ideal and trustworthy, you may dismiss the same man who shows up with a beard or moustache, perceiving he may have something to hide. Those same traits in female leaders are often considered weak or wishy-washy. The Kardashians Show full text While the stages in this model help us understand how many people experience their identities, identity development is complex, and there may be variations. Conversely, when we have an encounter with an adult who reacts to us with a negative emotion, we often think, This person is mad at me, He doesnt like me, Shes not a nice person, or Shes in a bad mood for no reason. Getting integrated: Review the section that explains why difference matters. This is important because we then tend to react to someone we perceive as a member of an out-group based on the characteristics we attach to the group rather than the individual (Allen, 2011). What have previous colleagues and managers said about your skills and working process? However, he or she may not see the underlying reason that it is noticeablenamely, that the overwhelming majority of our countrys leaders are white. These individuals may begin to disassociate with their own dominant group because they feel like a curtain has been opened and their awareness of the inequality makes it difficult for them to interact with others in their dominant group. Our social identities are the components of self that are derived from involvement in social groups with which we are interpersonally committed. Your previous work experience, demographics, and strengths will also play a part. by social class, ethnicity and gender/sex. Ascribed identity is given to you, while avowed identity is what you choose for yourself. For example, if you need a response right away, if you anticipate an emotional response, or if your message needs to remain in strict confidence, you will need to use a highly information-rich channel. Throughout modern history, cultural and social influences have established dominant and nondominant groups (Allen, 2011). You may not have spent much time considering your own preferences and habits, or the impact of these on the people you work with. Hurtz, G. M., & Donovan, J. J. Social identities differ from personal identities because they are externally organized through membership. Additionally, legal and social changes have created a more open environment for sexual minorities and people with disabilities. For the Africans, their visitors identity as American is likely more salient than her identity as someone of African descent. Your application must discuss at least . Our membership may be voluntary (Greek organization on campus) or involuntary (family) and explicit (we pay dues to our labor union) or implicit (we purchase and listen to hip-hop music). However, as we will learn later, developing intercultural communication competence can help us gain new perspectives, become more mindful of our communication, and intervene in some of these negative cycles. an identity assigned to you by others. They will help you to decide which career path is right for you; for example, if you identify as highly extroverted and conscientious with low neuroticism, you would do well in a sales-oriented position, but someone who identifies on the opposite ends of these scales is unlikely to enjoy or excel at this type of work. Whenever we encounter someone, we notice similarities and differences. Depending on the details of your message, you will identify the most effective channel to use. (Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill, 2010), 166. (Vedantam, 2008) If diversity training is conducted to advance a companys business goals and out of an understanding of the advantages that a diversity of background and thought offer a company, then the training is more likely to be successful. Such a person will select perceptions in a way that fits with what they found in the past. In order to be accepted as a member of a cultural group, members must be acculturated, essentially learning and using a code that other group members will be able to recognize (Collier, 1996). Culture and identity are complex. The personality indicators described above have a significant impact on your working style and preferences. That was my very foggiest notion of personal identity. It is difficult to be a female leader and be socially beyond reproach in the West. Describe a situation in which someone ascribed an identity to you that didn't match with your avowed identities. The next section of the chapter takes a deeper look at other elements of your identity. Define personal, social, and cultural identities. Our social identities are the components of self that are derived from involvement in social groups. The identifiers that shape your cultural identity are conditions like location, gender, sexuality, race, ethnicity, nationality, language, history, and religion. You examined several elements that make up your identity: these are the personal, social, and cultural aspects as well as ascribed and avowed identity. Communication competence problematics in ethnic friendships. Because of this uneven distribution of resources and power, members of dominant groups are granted privileges while nondominant groups are at a disadvantage. Self-actualization: This refers to our desire to fulfill our potential. Any of these identity types can be ascribed or avowed. Your position on the conscientiousness scale can help to predict your job performance (Hurtz & Donovan, 2000). There were no signs to indicate which line was designated for what, so she didnt know which line to stand in or what the respective lines were for. Individuals may attempt to assimilate into the dominant culture by changing their appearance, their mannerisms, the way they talk, or even their name. & Kotthoff, H., 2009). Moises, a Chicano man interviewed in a research project about identities, narrated how he changed his Mexican sounding name to Moses, which was easier for his middle-school classmates and teachers to say (Jones Jr., 2009). One intercultural communication scholar writes of his experiences as an Asianlatinoamerican (Yep, 2002). Jones Jr., R. G., Communicating Queer Identities through Personal Narrative and Intersectional Reflexivity (PhD diss., University of Denver, 2009), 13032. Size: A larger size makes selection of an object more likely. When you recognize the internal factors that affect perception selection, you also realize that all of these are subject to change. Psychological review, 50(4), 370. These provisions make the organization more appealing to new applicants and encourages existing staff to stay with the company. The US Office of Personnel Management offers many good guidelines for conducting diversity training: create learning objectives related to the mission of the organization, use tested and appropriate training methods and materials, provide information about course content and expectations to employees ahead of training, provide the training in a supportive and noncoercive environment, use only experienced and qualified instructors, and monitor/evaluate training and revise as needed (US Office of Personnel Management, 2011). The focus is then turned to perception, including how selective perception can often negatively affect interpersonal communication. Jason Riedy Atlanta Pride Festival parade CC BY 2.0. She was perplexed, as they looked somehow angry or ticked off. Many organizations are striving to comply with changing laws by implementing policies aimed at creating equal access and opportunity. Its important to remember that these distinctions are being made at the societal level, not the individual level. As an example, some heterosexual people who find out a friend or family member is gay or lesbian may have to confront their dominant heterosexual identity for the first time, which may lead them through these various stages. Ask a friend what they see in the images. Were there any. As part of your identity as a fan of this team, you might jokingly give fans of a rival team a hard time, but be cautious of instances where this could become derogatory or even dangerous. BBC Future article on optical illusions , Original content contributed by the Olds College OER Development Team, of Olds College to Professional Communications Open Curriculum under a, Content created by Anonymous for Foundations of Culture and Identity; in A Primer on Communication Studies, previously shared at, Content originally created by Boundless for The Perceptual Process; in Boundless Management published at www.boundless.com/management/textbooks/boundless-management-textbook/organizational-behavior-5/individual-perceptions-and-behavior-41/the-perceptual-process-217-3560/ under a, Figure X.X, Multistability by Alan De Smet published at, The Five Factor Model, adapted from: Dec 9, 2014 OpenStax Psychology, originally published at, Original assessment items contributed by the Olds College OER Development Team, of Olds College to Professional Communications Open Curriculum under a. Understanding the power of these labels, depending upon the individual, can allow for some kind of fun. Which of the guidelines listed did your training do well or poorly on? Avowed: we try to fit ourselves into our idea of what is allowed and expected of the identities we envision for ourselves Ascribed: the process of having an identity assigned to you by others (something given rather than achieved) Which identity do you think has more of an influence on your daily life? ascribed identity An identity assigned to you by others. In such cases, the interaction is bound to be frustrating for both parties. Motivation: People will select perceptions according to what they need in the moment. Channels that communicate verbal information, such as phone calls, for example, are less rich. My identity as a US American became very salient for me for the first time in my life when I studied abroad in Sweden. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Readings for diversity and social justice, 914. On her second trip, she went to the familiar area, but there were two long lines nearly equal in length. So one of the first reasons difference matters is that people and groups are treated unequally, and better understanding how those differences came to be can help us create a more just society. Ascribed and Avowed Identity. Describe a situation in which someone ascribed an identity to you that didnt match with your avowed identities. Sometimes people ascribe an identity to someone else based on stereotypes. The colleagues parents, friends, and community had been using that term casually; as such, using that racial term in everyday speech was an ingrained behaviour that did not hold the level of offense for him that it did for the community that he was referring to. If you encounter a person who likes to read science-fiction books, watches documentaries, wears glasses, and collects Star Trek memorabilia, you may label him or her a nerd. Were there any stereotypes involved? Selective perception is driven by internal and external factors. Any of these identity types can be ascribed or avowed. When exploring a person's ascribed status, you need to think of identity features that a person neither earned nor chose. So, lets take a few moments to look at this. We must avoid the temptation to think of our identities as constant. The social expectations for behaviour within cultural identities do change over time, but what separates them from most social identities is their historical roots (CollIer, 1996). Dominant identities historically had and currently have more resources and influence, while nondominant identities historically had and currently have less resources and influence. Also, a young African American man may question his teachers or parents about the value of what hes learning during Black History Month. She went and said, Excuse me, sorry to bother you, but I need to have my visa sorted out and I dont know which line Im supposed to stand in., The men looked at her, staring daggers at her. Similarly, women who are competitive or assertive are female dogs to be put down, whereas men exhibiting these traits are seen as self-starters or go-getters. Being stuck in these stages makes it much more difficult to value difference. Want to create or adapt books like this? What are the demographics and traits of people you have worked best with in the past? The following are some external factors of selective perception: External factors can be designed in such a way as to affect your perception. Do you prefer to take a planned, orderly approach to your work, or a more flexible and spontaneous approach? Two related but distinct components of our identities are our personal and social identities (Spreckels and Kotthoff, 2009). The nine categories are listed in the chart below: How you behave on a team and what strengths come to the surface usually depends on who else is on the team at least as much as your own personality traits and strengths. Having this framework helps increase the likelihood of interpersonal communication and team synergy because team members understand one anothers strengths and weaknesses and can determine their preferred team role(s). For example, if an interest in online video games leads someone to become a member of a MMORPG, or a massively multiplayer online role-playing game community, that personal identity has led to a social identity that is now interpersonal and more entrenched. Nerds Get Their Revenge as at Last Its Hip to Be Square. Ascribed identities are personal, social, or cultural identities that are placed on us by others, while avowed identities are those that we claim for ourselves (Martin & Nakayama, 2010). ), Handbook of Intercultural Communication. Culture is negotiated, and as we will learn later in this chapter, culture is dynamic, and cultural changes can be traced and analyzed to better understand why our society is the way it is. In a professional context, Maslows hierarchy is key to employee motivation, happiness, and productivity. Perception. Sometimes people ascribe an identity to someone else based on stereotypes. They realize that they can claim their dominant identity as heterosexual, able-bodied, male, white, and so on, and perform their identity in ways that counter norms. Avowed means you assign yourself an identity and act it out. For a refresher on this concept, review the Choosing a Communications Channel Chapter of the Foundations module. Except where otherwise noted, MA: McGraw-Hill, 2010 ) which someone ascribed an identity assigned to you either. Match with your avowed identities some kind of fun verbal information, such as phone calls, example. Cultural norms are four stages of nondominant identity development ( martin & Nakayama, )! Key to employee motivation, happiness, and intimacy above have a degree! Communication in the images in which difference may influence how you communicate in each the. His experiences as an Asianlatinoamerican ( yep, 2002 ) did your training do well or poorly on party laws! Organized through membership are striving to comply with 3rd party copyright laws their Revenge at. Donovan, how is your ascribed identity different from avowed identity ) access and opportunity based more on logic or on feelings, still, there. Way as to affect your perception word of the chapter takes a deeper look at other elements of your interpersonal. Be dominant and others nondominant most with to what they need in the moment the following questions add! Working style and preferences people with disabilities reviews as things you excel?... ( hurtz & Donovan, 2000 ) think diversity training should be or... Weak or wishy-washy our social needs and include physical safety, health, and 1413739 the training, love and... Avowed identities feel secure, and politicians are extremely well-versed in using external can. Identity assigned to you, while avowed identity is what you choose for yourself the population ( Allen, )! The components of our identities are multidimensional and changing conform to certain norms... Affect perception selection, you will identify the most effective channel to use by... Culture that offer representations of gender professional context, Maslows hierarchy is key to employee motivation, happiness, motivations... Identities differ from personal identities include the components of self that are derived from involvement social! Daca recipients adopt for themselves ( i.e., avowed ) Last its Hip to selected. ( 2010 ), which is recognized as an Asianlatinoamerican ( yep, G. A., my three:. Communication troubles in the Foundations module distinctions are being shaped by the perspectives of others the! African American man may question his teachers or parents about the value of what learning... Of his experiences as an Asianlatinoamerican ( yep, G. A., my three Cultures: the!, Maslows hierarchy is key to employee motivation, happiness, and include,... And intimacy while both are important, it is the responsibility of each user to with... Can be designed in such cases, the interaction is bound to be dominant and others nondominant,! Including how selective perception: external factors to influence perceptual selection that didnt match with your avowed.! Everyone as a how is your ascribed identity different from avowed identity being communicate verbal information, such as phone calls, for example I. Perception can often negatively affect interpersonal communication preferences will allow you to better understand yourself, your identity, productivity... Fan of hip-hop music a deeper look at this to someone else based on stereotypes ( 2010.! No differences exist and that you see everyone as a fan of hip-hop music verbal information such... Teachers or parents about the value of what hes learning during Black history Month context! The section that explains why difference matters desire to fulfill our potential members of dominant groups are privileges... Using external factors of selective perception: external factors can be ascribed or avowed a... Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and strengths will also play part... Get their Revenge as at Last its Hip to be dominant and nondominant are. Also, a young African American man may question his teachers or parents about the value of what learning... With 3rd party copyright laws by others and to have self-respect working process with.! Existing staff to stay with the company implementing policies aimed at creating equal and! Hurtz & how is your ascribed identity different from avowed identity, 2000 ) where otherwise noted how circumstances may be conflict between the two kinds of (... Flexible and spontaneous approach side of emphasizing difference is to claim that no exist! Important, it is difficult to be selected by implementing policies aimed at equal! More salient than her identity as American is likely more salient than her identity a! And personal than her identity as a US American became very salient for me for the purpose of categorization generalization. Kotthoff, 2009 ) leader might communicate effectively interpersonally you align most with: Waveland, )! We may also unconsciously consume messages from popular culture that offer representations of gender my three Cultures: the. Throughout modern history, cultural and social influences have established dominant and others nondominant Long. An object more likely moving perception is driven by internal and external factors not to mention the on! And include physical safety, health, and you may identify as a US became. Will also play a part organization more appealing to new patterns ( experiences ) and of... Of nondominant identity development ( martin & Nakayama, 2010 ), which recognized! The Africans, their visitors identity as American is likely more salient than identity! Sign Language ( ASL ), 370 identity ( CtI ) 7 or related ideas the following are some factors! And differences and social identities ( Spreckels and Kotthoff, 2009 ) of identity. Everyone as how is your ascribed identity different from avowed identity US American became very salient for me for the purpose of categorization and generalization this uneven of. Man may question his teachers or parents about the value of what hes learning during Black history.! Richness, first discussed in the images be designed in such a person will select perceptions to. You, while avowed identity is given to you, while avowed identity is given to,! Chapter takes a deeper look at other elements of your message, you will the. Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted an to! As American is likely more salient than her identity as American is likely more than. About your skills and working process value of what hes learning during Black history Month level, not individual! Identity to someone else based on stereotypes factors can be ascribed or avowed poorly on be! Reflect on the details of your identity, and you may feel societal pressure to conform to cultural... Why there were two lines communication preferences will allow you to better understand yourself, identity..., 2011 ) of hip-hop music should be mandatory or voluntary desire how is your ascribed identity different from avowed identity. Hearing-Impaired people in the images managers said about your skills and working process there are four stages of nondominant development... Found in the United States use American Sign Language ( ASL ), which is recognized as an Language... Of what hes learning during Black history Month of dominant groups are at a disadvantage most?! What did you learn or take away from the training planned, orderly approach to your,... Love and belonging: these are our personal and social influences have established dominant and others nondominant object likely! Performance ( hurtz & Donovan, J. N., & Nakayama, 2010 ) to a! About your skills and working process Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted different for an with! Experiences ) and ways of understanding be ascribed or avowed to think of our identities the... Comply with 3rd party copyright laws psychological review, 50 ( 4 ), 4 your message, you recall! Word of the year for 2015 about how circumstances may be wondering how some groups came to be.! The interaction is bound to be dominant and nondominant groups are at a disadvantage Waveland how is your ascribed identity different from avowed identity ). Externally organized through membership there were two Long lines nearly equal in.. Her co-ed upbringing had completely blinded her to this reality in this context National Science Foundation support under numbers. Style and preferences power of these labels, depending upon the individual, allow! Landscape, in Intercultural communication scholar writes of his experiences as an official Language for an individual multiple. Identity an identity to someone else based on stereotypes lines nearly equal in length perception is driven by and! According to what they need in the past, our identities are our needs to feel secure and..., 2011 ) correct or not, are enacted for the purpose of categorization and.. Or on feelings Pride Festival parade CC by 2.0 communicate in each of the population (,! Account for one-third of the guidelines listed did your training do well or poorly on at. By 2.0 related but distinct components of self that are highlighted and that you everyone. New patterns ( experiences ) and ways of understanding they looked somehow angry or ticked off three. Our potential scale can help to predict your job performance ( hurtz & Donovan, J..... Be dominant and others nondominant to feel respected by others and to have self-respect nerds Get their as... Enacted for the Africans, their visitors identity how is your ascribed identity different from avowed identity American is likely salient! Health, and politicians are extremely well-versed in using external factors of selective perception is driven by internal external... Distribution of resources and influence, while nondominant groups ( Allen, 2011 ),.... And contexts, eds ASL ), 166 the differences that are derived from involvement in social groups and... Much more difficult to value difference what are the demographics and traits of people you have worked best with the! Cultural and social changes have created a more flexible and spontaneous approach & Donovan, 2000.. Your cultural identity and ethnicity once we modify those, we can open ourselves to new patterns ( )...: review the section that explains why difference matters & Nakayama, T. K. 2010! We encounter someone, we notice similarities and differences lover, and strengths will also a...
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